Description of the mushroom ryadovka

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1926

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Row mushrooms grow productively in temperate climates. They are found in all regions of Russia. When collecting, you need to know the exact description of the edible and inedible varieties.

Description of the mushroom ryadovka

Appearance and habitat

The ryadovka or govorushka mushroom forms fruiting bodies with a pronounced division into a cap and a leg. In representatives of the genus, the cap is flat (this is characteristic of mature mushrooms, but in young ones it is hemispherical), with lamellar hymenoforms, it differs in color in different species. The leg is long, cylindrical in shape.

Rows are ground types of mushrooms. More often the mycelium chooses the soil next to conifers. Individuals grow in heap in small groups. They can form ring colonies - "witch circles". There are many places where ryadovki grow: they are forest, meadow, grow in groves and even parks.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

It is important not to forget that most types of rowers are mycorrhizal formers, which prefer coniferous species as symbionts, most often choosing pine and less often larch, spruce and fir. Only rare species of the genus form mycorrhiza with deciduous trees (beech, oak, birch). Poor sandy or calcareous soils of coniferous and mixed forests are chosen as habitats.

The genus got its name because of the "predilection" of representatives to grow in rows or in groups. In some regions of the Russian Federation they are even called "mice".

Geographically, the types of rows cover the whole of Russia. The species grows in the Crimea. Crimean mushrooms are actively harvested from early spring to mid-winter due to the warm climate. Basically, the time of fruiting of the genus is autumn, because it is the autumn fruiting bodies that reach their peak of fleshiness and quantity. Some species appear in the spring, while others bear fruit until the cold weather. The ryadovka mushroom combines many types, the description of which will be useful to every mushroom picker, so as not to send false mushrooms to the basket, and then to the plate.

Species diversity

Among the varieties of the variety there are edible, conditionally edible and poisonous fruits.

Edible species

• Row earthy (earthen): in youth it has a bell-shaped cap, in adults it is spread out - up to 10 cm in diameter. The color of the cap is dark gray, the surface structure from a distance resembles a smoothed pile, the stem is white or light gray. On its surface, some representatives can see the "annular zone" - the remains of a private bedspread. The pulp is whitish, dense with a pleasant floral scent.
• The row is open-shaped, or bandaged: has a ring on the leg, which divides not just the leg into parts, but its color: above the ring (almost under the cap) the color is white, but under the ring it is reddish-brown, to match the cap.

Description of the species:

1. Hat up to 10 cm in diameter.
2. The color of the cap is brown, sometimes there are remnants of a film blanket on it. The edges are jagged.
3. The pulp with a slight odor, fibrous, bitter.
4. The plates are frequent, white-cream.

• The row is giant: in representatives of this species, the cap grows from 8 to 20 cm in diameter. She was also given the name ryadovka gigantic. The leg is up to 10 cm, the thickness is about 4 cm. The color of the cap is brown, the leg is white with brown splashes. The pulp is dense, white. The species is classified as rare, it is listed in the Red Book.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The giant ryadovka is considered a mushroom that has a fairly good taste. In cooking, it is used both pickled and salted, but before cooking, it must be boiled for 20 minutes to remove the bitterness. The pulp of the mushroom contains the antibiotic clitocin, which has the ability to destroy pathogenic bacteria, as well as cancer cells.

On the territory of Russia, the giant ryadovka is found in some regions (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kirov and Leningrad regions), where it forms mycorrhiza with conifers. The species prefers pine forests, but it can also be found in the mixed forests of Crimea.

• The row is golden, or brown-yellow: has yellow or yellow-brownish, so-called. hygrophane hats. For your information. The gigrofanny of hats is called their property to retain water in themselves. There is a small depression in the middle. The color is uniform, but there are rusty spots. The pulp is dense with a characteristic aniseed odor, with a bitter aftertaste. Most sources consider it poisonous, and several - conditionally edible. But fruiting bodies are always processed by steeping and boiling.
• The row is scaly, or brownish, or sweetie or black-scaled: the color of the cap is reddish-brown or red-brown with scales. The leg is lighter, but with a uniform surface color. The shape of the leg is cylindrical, dense in juveniles, and with voids in adults. The scaly row has white-cream or brownish plates. The smell of the pulp is mealy. This species is edible.
• Shod row: delicious look. Known as matsutake, pine mushroom, pine horns. It grows in the Far East, especially in Japan and China. In Russia, they are found in the Urals, in eastern Siberia, the Amur and Khabarovsk regions. The search for fruit bodies is made difficult by the foliage under which they hide. This mushroom has a cheesy, bitter taste and a pleasant smell of anise. A peculiarity of the species is a leg deeply planted in the soil. When collecting shod rows, fruit bodies are dug out by hand to avoid damage. Description of the species:

1. Hat: up to 20 cm in diameter. The color is white-brown, the edge is uneven. The cap is thick, elastic, has scales in the light areas. The hymenophore is lamellar.
2. Leg: long, in the form of a cylinder. Tapering downwards, almost completely in the soil. Below there is a characteristic "stocking" with a "skirt". It is white with brown streaks, the "skirt" is also brown. Above the "skirt" the leg is white with small scales.
3. Pulp: white with a pleasant fruity aroma.

Matsutake is a whimsical species. It requires a special soil and temperature regime. Does not grow in one place for more than 10 years. Fruiting period September-early October.

• The row is two-color, or lilac-legged: edible species of the genus. Resistant to temperature drop, therefore late. Fruit bodies are harvested up to severe frosts. The hat is pillow-shaped, dense to the touch. The color is gray-violet or yellow-gray. The leg is long, cylindrical. The color of the leg is the same as that of the cap, but there are bright purple grooves or blotches. The plates are frequent, white or grayish. The pulp is white with a pleasant fruity aroma.
• Bearded row: the species has poor gastronomic characteristics. Belongs to the group of conditionally edible. The appearance is the same as that of the scaly row, but along the edge of the cap there is a fringe of fibers. The bearded row has a mild smell and taste.
• Row brown: similar to other species of the genus, for which a dark brown color of the cap is inherent.But in the brown ryadovka, it tends more to red-brown or yellow-brown. Vertical dark brown stripes can be seen along the outer concave edge of the cap. With high humidity, mucus forms on the surface of the leg. The pulp is dense, the smell is mealy, and the taste is bitter.

The ryadovka mushroom has many varieties.

• Weed loaf, or dirty (row weed, titmouse): the species belongs to the row, but is not yet sufficiently studied. Her hat is dark gray, sometimes with a lilac tint. The size can reach 8 cm in diameter. The pulp is not fleshy, but thin and fragile. Very often, the caps fade. They are often confused with the appearance of the purple ryadovka, but there is no danger in this: both mushrooms are edible.
• The row is green, or greenfinch, or lemon: the color of the fruit body varies from greenish-yellow to light green. Sometimes there are fruiting bodies of bright yellow color. The color does not disappear during processing. In the center of the cap there is a dark gray spot covered with scales. It often cracks along the edge. The pulp is light lemon color, darkens when broken, has a smell of fresh flour. It grows only under coniferous trees.
• The row is naked, or purple: collect it in the autumn. The appearance repels mushroom pickers, because the bright color in nature in particular is usually usually poisonous fruits, both in plants and in mushrooms. But this species is conditionally edible. It differs from the rowing in the lilac-legged uniform color of the cap, and the legs in purple. The pulp has a pleasant aniseed scent. This species is classified as a typical saprophyte.

Mushroom caps come in different colors:

• Violet;
• Blue;
• Lilac;
• Pink;
• Redhead;
• Orange.

They also distinguish the types of trees with which they create mycorrhiza. According to this criterion, the ryadovka mushroom enters into a symbiotic relationship and forms mycorrhiza with the following types of deciduous trees:

• Birch tree;
• Oak;
• Aspen;
• Alder.

However, the rows rarely form mycorrhiza with oak and prefer birch and conifers for these purposes. Delicious and juicy fruit bodies grow under the pines and aspens.

Inedible species

Edible rows must be distinguished from inedible ones, because they cause intestinal upset or poisoning.

• Fibrous row: the fruiting bodies of the species are considered inedible due to their pungent taste. Outwardly, it looks like a gray ryadovka, which has a taste and smell of flour.
• Tiger row, or leopard: very dangerous for humans, because. capable of causing severe poisoning. The color of the cap is silvery blue with gray longitudinal scales. There is a convex tubercle in the middle. The plates are olive green. On the stem of mushrooms of the species, the tiger ryadovka has a characteristic mealy bloom. The fruit body deceives novice mushroom pickers with a pleasant smell of pulp.
• Soap row: got its name from the specific smell of pulp, which resembles cheap soap. Mushrooms of this species have a hemispherical cap with a wavy edge. Along the outer circle, its color is light gray, towards the center it darkens down to the color of dark copper. The leg is gray, long. At the break, the pulp turns red. During cooking, the unpleasant smell only intensifies.
• The row is pointed, or mouse, or burning sharp or striped: outwardly similar to an earthy-gray ryadovka. It contains some muscarine in the pulp, which is classified as a strong poison. But the main differences between the dangerous species are:

1. Umbrella shape of the cap and pointed eminence in the middle.
2. Bitter taste, mealy smell.
3. The color of the cap is heterogeneous, sometimes with white patches. Mucous surface in wet weather.

• The row is spotty, or ruined, or speckled: slightly poisonous species. Outwardly similar to edible, but differs from safe rows by small dark purple or gray spots on the cap closer to the edge. There is also mucus on the cap, and the stem is fibrous. It darkens when touched and at a break.May cause gastrointestinal upset when eaten.
• Row smelly: in Russia, cases of poisoning by these species are known, although the growing area is limited to the Amur region:

1. The fruit body of the species is completely white. The cap is prostrate with a tubercle in the middle and uneven edges. The system of plates (hymenophore) fused with the cap.
2. The poisonous pulp has the smell of lamp gas or tar, for which the species received such a name. The dangerous toxin causes auditory and visual hallucinations.

• Hot spruce row: extremely similar to edible green tea. She has a dirty green-yellowish cap color. It is often confused with milk mushrooms, but they form mycorrhiza with deciduous trees, and sultry - only with representatives of conifers. Adults of this row have a funnel in the center of the cap.

Types of unknown etiology

Among the varieties of the fungus of the Ryadovka genus, there are also unidentified ones that look like representatives of other families:

• Elm row: the type is similar in type of growth to honey agarics. They grow on fruit trees, have light or white-yellow caps. The scientific name is elm lyophyllum or elm oyster mushroom.
• Smoky talker: belongs to that family Ryadovkovye, but to a different genus - Govorushka.

Beneficial features

Mushrooms can lower blood cholesterol levels

Representatives of different species belonging to the Ryadovka genus contain vitamins A, group B, PP, E. The pulp contains thiamine and riboflavin, as well as useful trace elements calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, phosphorus, zinc. Chitin and fiber contained in the cell walls cleanse the intestines from toxins.

Forest gifts are not a low-calorie product, they are quickly saturated. For 100 g from 30 to 40 kcal. There are almost no fats and carbohydrates in the pulp, most of the mass is water and protein. Forest species contain all types of amino acids (including irreplaceable ones) that a person needs for normal life.

Rowing mushrooms with regular use:

• strengthen the immune system;
• lower the level of cholesterol in blood vessels;
• improve vision;
• work as antioxidants;
• lower blood sugar levels.

Application

Ryadovka mushrooms are widely used in cooking and medicine. But before using the fruiting bodies for medicinal purposes, be sure to consult with your doctor.

In cooking

Edible varieties of ryadovka mushrooms taste bitter if not properly processed. It provides for soaking in cold water for several days. At the same time, water is regularly (2-3 times a day) drained and new is poured. Then the fruit bodies are boiled in salted water for 20 minutes. As a result, the bitterness goes away.

Popular processing methods:

• pickling for snacks;
• pickling;
• canning for the winter;
• some types are fried after boiling.

Drying ryadovki mushrooms is impractical: the pulp without processing will be bitter and tough, therefore it is not suitable for food. Fresh fruit bodies are stored in the refrigerator for up to 3 days, salted ones - up to 3 months. Rows are stored for the longest time without loss of quality and harm to health in deep freeze and canned with sterilization - up to 1 year.

In medicine

In ryadovka, useful properties are not limited to attractive taste and the presence of a significant amount of trace elements and vitamins in the pulp. The benefit of the genus for medicine lies in the possibility of using them to obtain antibiotics in the near future. So, in the pulp of matsutake (a row of shod, or spotted) substances were found, from which antibiotics and antineoplastic substances will soon begin to be obtained.

The people consider the species useful for patients with tuberculosis, but official medicine does not confirm the data. Also, tinctures of dried fruits are used as skin lotions. Ointments and infusions with mushroom extract have long been used for skin rejuvenation.

Contraindications

Edible mushrooms of the Ryadovka genus are not recommended:

• people with diseases of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract;
• To old people;
• children under 7 years old;
• people with allergies or individual intolerance;
• pregnant and lactating women.

Do not eat mushrooms Ryadovki collected in toxic places.

Growing methods

Row mushrooms are often grown at home in closed greenhouses or in backyard plots. It is easy to plant them on your own by digging out the forest land with mycelium:

1. The mycelium is mixed with the ground on the site in a 2: 1 ratio.
2. The mycelium is planted in autumn at temperatures below + 15 ℃.
3. For better aeration, mushrooms need order.
4. To create the necessary conditions, the beds are sheltered from the sun and rain.
5. When new mycelium forms, add soil.
6. After each harvest, it is necessary to add fresh soil.

Conclusion

There are edible and inedible mushrooms. Sometimes it is difficult to establish the belonging of a fungus to a particular species due to the external similarity of several species. If the mushroom picker is not sure about the quality or belonging to one of the edible species, he should not risk his health. Matsutake, which grows in the eastern regions of Russia, is considered a delicacy.